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    The banking grounds (on the banks of the river) were where logs were hauled prior to being put in the river to be sent to the sawmill.

    Registration for cattle brand adopted by John Jackson, 1917.

    Registration for cattle brand adopted by John Jackson, 1928. Used Log Mark form as the form for the Cattle Brand.

    In the background is Churchill Lumber Company saw mill. There are two wood burners burning the waste. (also known as a teepee burner or a wigwam burner). Logs are floating in the river, waiting to be sorted in the sorting gaps. There is a wooden vessel docked to the right ...

    Churchill Lumber Mill at the mouth of the Thunder Bay River. The cone shaped structure is a "burner" used to burn sawdust, bark, and trimmings. Floating "booms," made of logs chained together, separated the property of one company from that of another. From the booms, logs were floated to the ...

    Here is a Cookhouse at a lumber camp in Alpena, Michigan. The people would be the Cook and the helpers (which are called bullcooks, flunkeys or cookees) that handled the food.

    Two white horses are hitched up to a skid loaded with seven large logs. There is a lumberjack sitting on top of the pile of logs. Another lumberjack is in the background, on the right side, holding a cant hook.

    Teams of horses hauling logs.

    Lumberjacks work together to move the logs from the skids and are putting them onto the large piles.

    Felling a tree using a cross-cut saw. The saw replaced the axe, which led to increased efficiency. Information taken from "Lumbering in Michigan" by Maria Quinlan.

    A team of oxen being used in a logging operation. Oxen were more commonly used is Southern Michigan and were eventually replaces with horses. Oxen were often preferred to horses, because they could be led, whereas the driver of a team of horses could not see the road over the ...

    Loggers peeling bark from trees. This was usually done with cedar and hemlock trees. Tannin was extracted from hemlock bark to be used in the leather tanning process.

    A cook shack at the sire of a logging operation. There was usually a head cook, assistants, and a "chore boy." Three meals a day were served with lunch being taken to the men in the woods.

    Two teams of horses are ready to pull two skids full of logs. The logs are piled high. On top of the left skid are two children along for the ride. Also on top of each skid is a lumberman. Three lumbermen are standing next to the left skid.

    A group of lumberjacks are removing the bark from a tree at a lumber camp in Alpena County.

    After cutting the timber in Alpena, Michigan, the logs are then put into piles. Three horse teams are ready to pull the large logs. They are taking the logs to the river.

    Stacks of lumber along the Thunder Bay River waiting to be loaded on to ships. Prentiss Lumber Mill is at the center. Note the masts of schooners in the river.

    A group of lumberjacks, holding cant hooks, are either pulling logs from the river or putting them into the river for transporting them. (Possibly Thunder Bay River in Alpena County.)

    Two lumberjacks are felling a large tree using what is known as a crosscut saw. A man, who could be a supervisor, is overseeing the felling of the tree. In the background there is a lumberjack using an axe on a tree as if he is starting to chop the ...

    Ox-Bow banking grounds. The "ox-bow" was named for a twisting stretch of the Thunder Bay River that resembled a yoke used to harness oxen. The banking grounds (on the banks of the river) were where logs were hauled prior to being put in the river to be sent to the ...